Ha... tentu anda tercari-cari sesuatu yang istimewa untuk dihadiahkan kepada mereka yang paling anda sayang. Anda terfikir untuk berikan bunga kepada si dia? Atau... berikan sahaja sekotak cokelat berjenama? Erm... Atau... teddy bear? Atau anda sememangnya tidak nampak hadiah yang sesuai untuk diberikan kepada pasangan anda. Bawa bertenang...
Tentunya anda ingin pasangan anda menghargai apa jua hadiah yang diberikan kepadanya. Perkara asas yang perlu diambilkira ialah sifat pasangan anda. Jika anda benar-benar pasti sifat pasangan anda, maka berikan hadiah yang mencerminkan peribadinya.
Bunga ros merah - bunga ros merah sesuai diberikan kepada kaum Hawa. Bagi penggemar bunga, mereka tidak kisah dan tetap akan menjaga bunga tersebut, biarpun ia telah layu. Bagi mereka yang kreatif, bunga ini akan dihiaskan atau digubah di dalam pasu. Mereka ini seorang yang prihatin dan amat menghargai pasangan mereka.
Cokelat dan anak patung (teddy bear) - mereka yang sukakan cokelat dan teddy bear seorang yang bersifat keanak-anakan. Jangan pelik bukan perempuan sahaja yang sukakan cokelat, lelaki juga ada yang menggemarinya. Mereka yang manja dan suka merajuk, amat bersesuaian jika diberikan cokelat. Mesti rajuk mereka akan cepat reda, apabila dihadiahkan cokelat kesukaannya.
Kad - mereka yang bersifat tegas, berpendirian tetap dan berdisplin, sesuai diberikan sekeping kad yang romantik. Mereka jenis ini tidak sukakan hadiah-hadiah yang remeh-temeh. Bagi mereka yang tegas, kad merupakan hadiah yang paling istimewa, lebih-lebih lagi anda meluahkan perasaan anda dengan kata-kata yang romantik. Jangan salah anggap biarpun mereka tegas, mereka tetap mempunyai sifat yang sentimental. Dan jangan terkejut mereka akan menyimpan kad-kad tersebut dengan baik di tempat khas dan istimewa.
Barangan berbentuk hati (love) - barangan yang berbentuk hati, sesuai bagi mereka yang bersifat penyayang. Mereka yang penyayang akan mudah tertarik dengan barangan sedemikian. Bagi mereka, dengan melihat 'hati', mereka akan terasa tenang dan gembira.
Kaset atau CD lagu-lagu cinta dan sentimental - mereka yang berjiwa seni dan sentimental amat menghargai mereka yang sudi menghadiahkan sesuatu yang memberikan ketenangan. Lagu-lagu cinta tersebut seolah-olah memberikan gambaran kepada mereka akan perasaan anda kepadanya. Ha... bagi mereka yang sukar meluahkan perasaan cinta kepada pasangan anda, hadiahkanlah kaset cinta kepadanya. Pasti si dia menyukainya.
Makan malam (candlelight dinner) - haa... majlis seumpama ini sesuai bagi mereka yang bersifat romantik. Mengadakan temujanji dengan mereka yang tersayang pada majlis makan malam memberikan kepuasan, bukan sahaja kepada pasangan anda, malah diri anda sendiri. Diserikan pula dengan nyalaan lilin yang bisa membangkitkan suasana romantik.
Ha... mudahkan. Jadi kenalpasti sifat pasangan anda dan hadiahkan sesuatu yang istimewa kepadanya. Tentu si dia akan rasa terharu dan semakin sayang pada anda.
Latihan di Kem PULADA
Thursday, September 18, 2008
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Kesihatan
Asthma
Asthma is a chronic condition involving the respiratory system in which the airways occasionally constrict, become inflamed, and are lined with excessive amounts of mucus, often in response to one or more triggers. These episodes may be triggered by such things as exposure to an environmental stimulant such as an allergen, environmental tobacco smoke, cold or warm air, perfume, pet dander, moist air, exercise or exertion, or emotional stress. In children, the most common triggers are viral illnesses such as those that cause the common cold.
This airway narrowing causes symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The airway constriction responds to bronchodilators. Between episodes, most patients feel well but can have mild symptoms and they may remain short of breath after exercise for longer periods of time than the unaffected individual. The symptoms of asthma, which can range from mild to life threatening, can usually be controlled with a combination of drugs and environmental changes.
Pathophysiology
In asthma, constriction of the airways occurs due to bronchoconstriction and bronchial inflammation. Bronchoconstriction is the narrowing of the airways in the lungs due to the tightening of surrounding smooth muscle. Bronchial inflammation also causes narrowing due to oedema and swelling caused by an immune response to allergens.
Inflamed airways and bronchoconstriction in asthma. Airways narrowed as a result of the inflammatory response cause wheezing.
Emergency
When an asthma attack is unresponsive to a patient's usual medication, other treatments are available to the physician or hospital:
- Oxygen to alleviate the hypoxia (but not the asthma itself) that results from extreme asthma attacks.
- Nebulized salbutamol terbutaline (short-acting beta-2-agonists), often combined with ipratropium (an anticholinergic).
- Systemic steroids, oral or intravenous (prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, or hydrocortisone). Some research has looked into an alternative inhaled route.
- Other bronchodilators that are occasionally effective when the usual drugs fail:
- Intravenous salbutamol
- Nonspecific beta-agonists, injected or inhaled (epinephrine, isoetharine, isoproterenol, metaproterenol)
- Anticholinergics, IV or nebulized, with systemic effects (glycopyrrolate, atropine, ipratropium)
- Methylxanthines (theophylline, aminophylline)
- Inhalation anesthetics that have a bronchodilatory effect (isoflurane, halothane, enflurane)
- The dissociative anaesthetic ketamine, often used in endotracheal tube induction
- Magnesium sulfate, intravenous
- Intubation and mechanical ventilation, for patients in or approaching respiratory arrest.
- Heliox, a mixture of helium and oxygen, may be used in a hospital setting. It has a more laminar flow than ambient air and moves more easily through constricted airways.
Epidemiology
Asthma is usually diagnosed in childhood. The risk factors for asthma include:
- A personal or family history of asthma or atopy
- Triggers (see Pathophysiology above)
- Premature birth or low birth weight
- Viral respiratory infection in early childhood
- Maternal smoking
- Being male, for asthma in prepubertal children
- Being female, for persistence of asthma into adulthood
History
- Asthma was long considered a psychosomatic disease, and
- ... during the 1930s–50s, was even known as one of the 'holy seven' psychosomatic illnesses. At that time, psychoanalytic theories described the aetiology of asthma as psychological, with treatment often primarily involving psychoanalysis and other 'talking cures'. As the asthmatic wheeze was interpreted as the child's suppressed cry for his or her mother, psychoanalysts viewed the treatment of depression as especially important for individuals with asthma
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