Latihan di Kem PULADA

Latihan di Kem PULADA

Friday, July 25, 2008

Rahsia Warna

Semua orang mempunyai salah satu jenis warna yang sangat disukai dari sekian banyak warna atau warna kegemaran. Tahukah kamu warna kegemaran dapat memperlihatkan watak kamu secara umumnya?

Warna Biru
Jika kamu menyukai warna biru, kamu tergolong sebagai pemurung dan selalu bertindak pasif dalam banyak hal. Mendambakan ketenangan dan ketenteraman. Kamu selalu mendapat kesulitan dalam pergaulan. Begitu juga dalam bercinta kerana kamu cenderung menyembunyikan perasaan.

Warna Hijau
Warna kesukaan kamu hijau, maka kamu tergolong seseorang yang sangat romantik, menyukai keindahan, menyenangi alam dengan udara yang nyaman. Kamu adalah seseorang yang selalu memegang prinsip. Dalam hal bercinta kamu mengidam-idamkan calon teman hidup yang penuh toleransi dan dapat dipercayai.

Warna Kuning
Kesukaan kamu warna kuning menandakan bahawa kamu memiliki sifat optimis. Kamu seorang periang dan senang bergaul, tidak memiliki penampilan yang muram. Sifat tolong-menolong selalu ada dalam diri kamu,kerana menolong merupakan suatu kewajiban mutlak bagi kamu. Kamu orang yang tidak pernah meremehkan siapapun jua, walaupun seseorang itu lemah dan bodoh.

Warna Ungu
Jika warna Ungu (Violet) menjadi warna kegemaran kamu maka kamu adalah seseorang yang benar-benar luar biasa. Dalam menghadapi masa depan kamu tidak pernah ragu-ragu, apa yang dikerjakan kamu adalah yang terbaik. Kamu pandai mengikuti perkembangan zaman. Dalam bercinta, hanya merekalah yang kuat mental yang dapat mendekati dan menjadi kekasih kamu.

Warna Putih
Jika kamu menyukai warna putih, maka kamu adalah orang yang dilahirkan ke dunia dengan sempurna, banyak orang mengagumi kamu kerana sifat anggun, sifat idealis dan moral kamu yang teramat tinggi. Tak pernah angkuh, senang menolong siapa saja yang memerlukan bantuan kamu.

Warna Hitam
Kamu sangat lincah dalam hal-hal tertentu saja. Jika kamu berada dilingkungan yang tidak disukai, maka kamu akan menjadi murung. Kamu selalu tampil menarik dan rapi. Ramai orang cuba mengejar dan merebut cinta kamu.

Warna Merah
Kamu seseorang yang sangat berwibawa. Walaupun sering kali bergaul dan bersosial dengan lawan jenis tapi kamu dapat menahan diri. Banyak orang meluahkan cinta, tapi kamu selalu berfikir dan berfikir lagi. Kamu termasuk golongan yang sukar jatuh cinta.


Nota :Artikel ini hanyalah sebagai bacaan semata-mata untuk menambah pengetahuan dan bukan untuk dipercayai 100%

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Kesihatan

Asthma


Asthma is a chronic condition involving the respiratory system in which the airways occasionally constrict, become inflamed, and are lined with excessive amounts of mucus, often in response to one or more triggers. These episodes may be triggered by such things as exposure to an environmental stimulant such as an allergen, environmental tobacco smoke, cold or warm air, perfume, pet dander, moist air, exercise or exertion, or emotional stress. In children, the most common triggers are viral illnesses such as those that cause the common cold.

This airway narrowing causes symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The airway constriction responds to bronchodilators. Between episodes, most patients feel well but can have mild symptoms and they may remain short of breath after exercise for longer periods of time than the unaffected individual. The symptoms of asthma, which can range from mild to life threatening, can usually be controlled with a combination of drugs and environmental changes.

Pathophysiology


In asthma, constriction of the airways occurs due to bronchoconstriction and bronchial inflammation. Bronchoconstriction is the narrowing of the airways in the lungs due to the tightening of surrounding smooth muscle. Bronchial inflammation also causes narrowing due to oedema and swelling caused by an immune response to allergens.

Inflamed airways and bronchoconstriction in asthma. Airways narrowed as a result of the inflammatory response cause wheezing.

Emergency


When an asthma attack is unresponsive to a patient's usual medication, other treatments are available to the physician or hospital:

  • Oxygen to alleviate the hypoxia (but not the asthma itself) that results from extreme asthma attacks.
  • Nebulized salbutamol terbutaline (short-acting beta-2-agonists), often combined with ipratropium (an anticholinergic).
  • Systemic steroids, oral or intravenous (prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, or hydrocortisone). Some research has looked into an alternative inhaled route.
  • Other bronchodilators that are occasionally effective when the usual drugs fail:
    • Intravenous salbutamol
    • Nonspecific beta-agonists, injected or inhaled (epinephrine, isoetharine, isoproterenol, metaproterenol)
    • Anticholinergics, IV or nebulized, with systemic effects (glycopyrrolate, atropine, ipratropium)
    • Methylxanthines (theophylline, aminophylline)
    • Inhalation anesthetics that have a bronchodilatory effect (isoflurane, halothane, enflurane)
    • The dissociative anaesthetic ketamine, often used in endotracheal tube induction
    • Magnesium sulfate, intravenous
  • Intubation and mechanical ventilation, for patients in or approaching respiratory arrest.
  • Heliox, a mixture of helium and oxygen, may be used in a hospital setting. It has a more laminar flow than ambient air and moves more easily through constricted airways.

Epidemiology


Asthma is usually diagnosed in childhood. The risk factors for asthma include:

  1. A personal or family history of asthma or atopy
  2. Triggers (see Pathophysiology above)
  3. Premature birth or low birth weight
  4. Viral respiratory infection in early childhood
  5. Maternal smoking
  6. Being male, for asthma in prepubertal children
  7. Being female, for persistence of asthma into adulthood

History


Asthma was long considered a psychosomatic disease, and
... during the 1930s–50s, was even known as one of the 'holy seven' psychosomatic illnesses. At that time, psychoanalytic theories described the aetiology of asthma as psychological, with treatment often primarily involving psychoanalysis and other 'talking cures'. As the asthmatic wheeze was interpreted as the child's suppressed cry for his or her mother, psychoanalysts viewed the treatment of depression as especially important for individuals with asthma